Nano-Characterization

SEM	TEM
Particle morphology	(maybe)
surface morphology	2D projection - internal structure
elemental analysis (yes eds)	yes (eds)
10nm-500micron	1nm - 5micron (but sub Å resolution)
electron backscatter diffraction	electron diffraction
-	EELS
Low energy BSE: imaging, topograhpic etc	Electron diffraction, crysstallography
High energy BSE: atom number contrast (bulk analysis)
Characteristic X-rays (EDX)	EDX; STEM-EDX
Rare: Transmitted e-, bright field imaging	Bright + dark + high angle annular dark field imaging

Particle size through imaging and image scanning of particles (not directly crystallite size)

X-Ray diffraction

mg amount of powders
not individual NP’s
Bulk and average data
needles and planes can have preferred orientation (might alter the intensities)
Particle size information (Scherrer equation) can deviate from sem/tem because XRD relates to crystallite size, not directly particle size
How to differentiate Solid solution, phase segregation and core shell?
- Solid solution: Vegards law: Unit cell volume varies with linearly with degree of substitution
- Segregation: two phases are present, which shows XRD peaks from both phases
- Core-shell: Same as segregation but consider significant peak broadening if one of the constituents are thin. (if either shell or core is thin)

UHV
Only surface (electrons must be able to escape)
NAP-XPS (near ambient pressure XPS) need synchrotron radiation
ARPES: Angle resolved Photo Emission Spectroscopy generates band structure information
Can give information on oxidation state
Only surface 2-5nm depth

(and raman) will provide excellent information on functional groups in metalorganic molecules.